Financial Times: The success of ZTE mobile phones in the United States

In the past four years, ZTE, a Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer, was once labeled as a "security threat" by the U.S. Congress. Today, it has quietly risen to become the third-largest seller of Android smartphones in the United States. This growth highlights how some Chinese tech companies are navigating complex trade relations and still managing to thrive. Despite ongoing tensions over high-tech exports between the U.S. and China, ZTE has managed to carve out a strong presence in the American market. According to Bryan Ma from IDC, a technology research firm, it's simply not true that Chinese companies can't succeed in the U.S. market. "ZTE is the best proof of that," he said. While competitors like Huawei and Xiaomi focus on low-end phones in emerging markets such as India and Brazil, ZTE has been making waves in the U.S. high-end segment. In 2010, ZTE had almost no presence in the U.S. smartphone market. But by the third quarter of 2015, its market share had reached 7.5%, surpassing Samsung, LG, and Apple, according to IDC. ZTE's strategy included rebranding, sponsoring NBA teams like the Houston Rockets, Golden State Warriors, and Chicago Bulls, and launching high-profile marketing campaigns. The company also positioned itself as a budget-friendly option for U.S. consumers, with phones available for as low as $30. ZTE emphasized that its phones use high-end components, allowing them to compete with more expensive devices. As U.S. carriers move away from two-year contract subsidies, consumers are becoming more cost-conscious, which benefits ZTE’s low-cost, high-quality approach. Wang Yanhui, secretary-general of the China Mobile Phone Alliance, noted that entering the U.S. lower-end smartphone market is relatively easy if companies are willing to invest. He added, “If the phone is cheap enough, people don’t care about security concerns.” ZTE is now pushing its Axon series, featuring large screens and dual cameras. These devices use key American components, including Corning Gorilla Glass and Qualcomm Snapdragon processors. Although ZTE is known for producing large-scale telecom equipment, it was banned from selling such products in the U.S. after being accused by the House Intelligence Committee in 2012 of acting as a Chinese government spy. The report claimed that both ZTE and Huawei could pose a risk to U.S. national security. This ban limited ZTE’s ability to invest or partner with U.S. firms, but it allowed the company to focus on smartphones. While Huawei shifted its attention to Europe and other markets, ZTE continued to engage with Washington through open dialogue, with its CEO frequently visiting the U.S. twice a year. Both ZTE and Huawei have denied the allegations, with insiders suggesting that ZTE saw the 2012 investigation as a form of "collateral damage," with Huawei being the real target. Recently, Huawei also made a move into the U.S. smartphone market by partnering with Google to develop the Nexus 6P. ZTE’s success shows that despite political challenges, innovation and strategic positioning can help Chinese tech companies break into one of the world’s most competitive markets.

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