Why is the electricity consumption of residents in China 220V?
Most of the household appliances used in our daily lives are powered by 220V, such as TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. However, there are still many countries in the world that use electrical appliances that are not powered by 220V, but 110V, such as the United States and Japan. To understand the mystery here, you have to start from the origin of electricity.
Figure 1 home appliance arrangement picture
Origin stage, originating from the United States
In 1879, Edison produced a relatively good carbon filament incandescent lamp. At that time, the incandescent lamp operated well at 110V. Edison considered this to be a safe and economical voltage in power distribution.
In 1882, Edison built the world's first commercial power supply system in New York City: the Pearl Street Power Station, which supplies 110V DC DC power to power 400 bulbs for 85 customers in the heart of Manhattan.
Then Tesla invented the 3-phase 240V AC, but for safety reasons, he also reduced the voltage to 110V, and finally, with the support of Westinghouse Electric, his AC system became the US power supply standard. Because the United States uses a 12-inch English unit, for the convenience of calculation, the standard is determined to be 110V/60Hz.
Figure 2 Edison and Tesla pictures
Development stage, in Europe
After the success of commercial AC, Europe has rapidly introduced AC power generation and feed technology. In Europe, except for the United Kingdom, the metric unit in decimal is used. For the convenience of calculation, the frequency is changed to 50 Hz.
Due to the low voltage of 110V, the current is larger than 220V under the same power, and more copper is used, resulting in a large transmission loss of the power grid. At that time, the German AEG company, which was in a monopoly position in Europe, led the change of the voltage specification to 220V at the beginning of the introduction of AC. This voltage specification is derived from 110V double voltage, and the technical transformation is relatively simple. Thus, 220V/50Hz AC grid standards have been formed in European countries. The United States later considered changing to 220V power supply, but since 110V has been popularized, the historical burden is too heavy, and eventually residents' electricity consumption is still dominated by 110V.
Figure 3AEG company picture
Mature stage, used in China
Due to Chinese historical reasons, electricity appeared later in China. At the beginning of the 20th century, most of the electrical equipment in mainland China came from the United States, Britain, Germany, and Switzerland. The power in the Northeast was managed by Nanman Railway Co., Ltd. This also causes the civilian voltage provided by each power plant to depend on the voltage of the country being imported. According to the "Mechatronics Technology of the Republic of China", the three-phase low voltage of the user's lamp and power combination has the difference of 220V, 380V and 110V, 190V.
After 1949, China's industrialization was influenced by political factors and turned to the Soviet model. The power grid construction also complied with the Soviet standards. The Soviet Union adopted European standards. Therefore, China's power grid standard was determined to be 220V/50Hz.
Figure 4 grid construction picture
Summary: The Causes and Advantages of China's 220V Mains Standards
Because of the coincidence of historical development, China has introduced the 220V power supply standard, and it has been successfully promoted nationwide. It has been used until now. It can be said that this is the result of various factors such as economy, technology, philosophy, politics and so on. Aside from other factors, the 220V mains standard is still quite advantageous compared to 110V.
First, the transmission consumes less power and reduces energy loss. This principle is the same as that of EHV transmission.
Second, the same amount of power is transmitted. In the case of the same transmission loss, the cross-sectional area of ​​the wire used is twice as small, which is an amazing number!
Third, compared with 110V, the workload of the transformer can be reduced, and the key and vulnerable node of the substation has more security guarantees, which is more suitable for China's national conditions.
At present, whether it is 220V or 110V AC, there are various power quality problems, and professional instruments must be used to monitor power quality problems. The online power quality monitoring device E8000 of the domestic Zhou Ligong Zhiyuan Electronics has passed the Cape Laboratory type test certification and the IEC61850 protocol conformance test certification, and the accuracy is in full compliance with the IEC61000-4-30A standard. At present, it has passed the network inspection of Guangdong, Guangxi and other local electric power institutes, and is widely used in the monitoring and analysis of on-site power quality by substations and energy-intensive enterprises at various levels across the country.
Figure 5 power quality monitoring device E8000
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