Space super solar power station design - Power Circuit - Circuit Diagram

0 Preface The global financial crisis, unlike the oil crisis, has prompted developed nations, particularly the United States, to elevate the development of new energy to unprecedented levels. With significant acceleration in new energy investments, the US Secretary of Energy urged in an article in Newsweek that the U.S. should abandon oil dependency and take control of its own energy destiny, fostering momentum for new energy development. The Obama administration aims to leverage the New Energy Policy to drive a transformative shift in the U.S. economy. This effort is expected to create a new energy industry and generate millions of jobs, helping reverse the economic downturn. The U.S. envisions the new energy sector as the locomotive of future economic growth and a leader in technological innovation and international standards. This article predicts trends in solar power technology within the new energy landscape. Firstly, the price of key photovoltaic devices is expected to plummet further, from $1,500/W in the 1950s to approximately $1/W (current price is $4/W). Secondly, the integration of space technology, microwave technology, and photovoltaic technology holds promise. Thirdly, China is expected to intensify its new energy efforts, incorporating contributions from renewable energy into GDP growth and addressing the challenges of distributed power networks. 1 Solar Power Generation and Microwave Transmission Plan 1.1 Cosmic Solar Power Generation The surface temperature of the sun is about 2 x 10^7 degrees, releasing energy at 1 x 10^24 kW. Of this, the Earth can harness 1.8 x 10^14 kW. On average, this amounts to 183 W/m² (total solar irradiance is 1,400 W/m²). In addition to terrestrial solar energy, people can also capture solar energy from space. The SSPS (Satellite Solar Power Station) plan is based on this principle. The initial research phase began in 1973, aiming to prototype the concept by 1992 and begin practical trials by 1998. The plan involves solar photovoltaic power generation and microwave transmission/reception systems capable of practical operation. As a new energy system in the 21st century, both nuclear fusion power and soft energy systems, including the Solar Power System (SSPS), are promising. If we divide the development of the cosmic solar power system into phases, it can be roughly categorized into five stages. The first phase was the conceptual period. In 1967, Raytheon successfully tested microwave power transmission to a simulated helicopter, maintaining it at a height of 18 meters for 10 hours. This marked the first successful microwave power transmission test worldwide. The second phase involved NASA establishing a cosmic solar power system. From the early 1970s to the mid-1980s, NASA and the Department of Energy collaborated on developing cosmic solar power systems. One notable system was the 1979 project, which aimed to build a space station with a massive solar cell array measuring 5 km wide and 10 km long, positioned on a geostationary orbit 36,000 km above the Earth. The generated electricity would be converted into microwaves and transmitted to the ground, with an expected power generation capacity of 5 GW. The third phase continued U.S. research into achieving a more cost-effective cosmic solar power system, reporting progress every decade. The fourth phase focused on new concepts and ideas, with the prominent solar tower concept gaining attention. The microwave transmission frequency is 2.45 GHz at 3.5 GHz, meeting the conditions required for domestic microwave ovens. The fifth phase was the conceptual design period. Based on prior research, NASA initiated conceptual designs in September 1998. The Japan Space Development Agency, the European Space Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency have also proposed urgent issues to resolve through international cooperation: researching core technologies, conducting wireless power supply experiments in the atmosphere, investigating the long-term ecological impacts of microwave emissions, and utilizing the International Space Station for cosmic solar power system experiments. They also aim to foster international collaboration in new energy development. The Space Development Corporation plans to invest approximately $80 billion over the next 25 years for research and development. By 2010, they aim to construct a practical cosmic solar power generation system with a capacity of 1 GW. Additionally, they plan to launch a 6 GW cosmic solar power satellite to orbit the Earth, transmitting electricity to the ground via microwaves, and conducting pilot studies on the propagation characteristics of the ionosphere and atmosphere. If the plan succeeds, it could represent a breakthrough faster and more practical than fast neutron breeder reactors and nuclear fusion reactors, deserving attention. 1.2 Overview of the SSPS Plan Years ago, people imagined using microwaves to transmit electricity over great distances. In 1969, WC Brown of Raytheon transmitted microwaves from the ground to the sky and returned power to a helicopter via an antenna. The helicopter flew with the received electrical power, marking the earliest successful pioneering test. By the 1970s, countries had developed experiments on microwave power transmission and reception, typically at frequencies around 2,450 MHz and powers of approximately 10 kW. In 1974, the University of Miami published a paper titled "Large-Scale Power Generation and Transmission from the Universe." The conceptual device model is shown in Figure 1, referred to as the SSPS (Satellite Solar Power Station) program, which combines solar photovoltaic power generation with microwave transmission for the first time. One of the critical components in Figure 1 is the panel for solar photovoltaic cells. Its occupied space station area is approximately 6 km × 26 km, delivering 8 GW (1 GW = 10⁹ W = 10⁶ kW). It is then sent to Earth as microwaves, losing some energy, reaching a ground power of approximately 5 GW. The cost structure of the SSPS plan's system architecture and various components is shown in Figure 2. The cost of launching solar cells and microwave generators into space accounts for a significant portion, expected to exceed 1/2. The cost of photovoltaic power generation for solar cells also constitutes a substantial proportion; the cost of antennas is not expected to exceed 16%. The efficiency of the solar cell in Figure 2 is 12.3%. If the conversion from sunlight to electricity is not considered, the power generation is 5 GW, while the solar cell power generation is 8.85 GW. Thus, the overall system efficiency is calculated to be 56%. 1.3 Power Transmission System The quality of the power transmission system affects the overall efficiency of the entire power generation system. This system includes the following four major transformations: 1) Solar power → DC power → High-frequency microwave power; 2) Microwave electric power (satellite) → Microwave electric power (Earth); 3) Microwave → Commercial power. The most technically advanced component of the system is the conversion of electrical power from solar photovoltaics into microwaves. At the beginning of the study, a single ultra-high power microwave tube was used as a microwave transmitter. Various forms of microwave tubes were compared. Initially, the klystron was considered more suitable for high-power transmission but proved inefficient. Later, ultra-high-frequency power amplifiers (CFA) were used, but they had the disadvantages of high price and poor heat dissipation. Magnetrons were connected in parallel to improve efficiency. As is well known, magnetrons are the most commonly used microwave tubes in domestic microwave ovens, offering advantages such as low cost and variable output power by controlling the phase. Ultimately, a combination of magnetrons and heat-dissipating antennas formed a unit, and the microwave transmitting array consisted of multiple units. 1.4 Receiving System The conceptual diagram of the receiving system is shown in Figure 4. If a reference RB (Reference Beam) is set on the ground, it communicates with the satellite transmission and controls the direction and intensity of the satellite. After synthesizing the power density of the microwave emission point (on the satellite), the power density of the orientation point is 1 km (the Gaussian amount of the central part is Gauss is 23 kW/m²), so the power density around the directional point RB on the ground can correspond to: A schematic diagram of the arrangement of the receiving antenna array is shown in Figures 6 and 7. From a distance, the receiving antenna array arrangement appears to be a group of roofs, but the flat part is made into a mesh curtain shed, which can completely block the microwave. The purpose of this roof structure is to prevent the microwave from passing under the net and also allows sunlight and rain to flow out of the mesh, ensuring safety beneath the net. Of course, the size of the mesh holes needs to be determined through multiple field tests, ideally blocking microwave radiation entirely to avoid harming organisms. If this can be achieved, the microwave receiving station can be set up in the suburbs of the city. 1.5 SSPS Plan Test Results The different components of the Cosmic Power Transmission Plan (SSPS) have undergone low-power simulation tests on the ground, achieving preliminary results. The most important consideration is cost, which is continuously being improved to minimize the system cost. The cost budget is classified as follows. 2 Recent Advances in Space Solar Power Generation 2.1 U.S. Private Solar Companies Involved in Space Solar Power Plants The SSPS program developed by NASA and the Pentagon in the 1960s progressed slowly due to high costs. Today, many private solar companies have become involved in this research. For example, the U.S. Pacific Gas & Electric Company (PG&E) recently announced it will work with and purchase electricity from SolarEnCorp, a solar energy company claiming to efficiently harvest energy in space. As a result, they took the first step in developing solar energy in outer space—placing solar panels in orbit around the Earth, converting DC power into radio waves for transmission back to Earth, and then receiving it from the ground’s power reserve, converting it into low-frequency AC power, and supplying it to thousands of households. The project plans to provide 200 MW of electricity by 2016 and power 250,000 homes in 15 years. If progress is smooth, the dream can come true soon. Obviously, the plans of these private companies are very similar to those of the original park. Satellites carrying photovoltaic panels are first launched into orbits 22,000 miles (about 35,400 km) from the equator and remain stationary relative to the Earth. The width of the solar panel will be several kilometers, and the system will collect solar energy, convert it into electrical energy, and then convert it into radio waves to return to Earth. The ground receiving station is to be built on the outskirts of Fresno, California. According to PG&E's rough estimate, the project will cost about US$2 billion, primarily for the construction and launching of satellites for the Earth's solar energy base. Daniel Carmen, a professor of energy and resources at the University of California, Berkeley, believes that the most serious challenge facing space solar power today is the cost of implementation, especially during the current global economic downturn. This plan requires billions of dollars in capital investment, which is much higher than the 100 million USD needed for other renewable energy projects of the same size. However, SolarEn CEO Garry is confident in completing the project. He said that the company has the ability to provide 1.2 billion watts of electricity and can commercialize power in the next seven years. The price of space solar energy can also be compared with other renewable energy sources, with prices remaining relatively stable. 2.2 Japan's Space Solar Market Coincidentally, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is also studying a similar cosmic solar power system (SSPS), expected to start before 2030. The basic principles are similar to those in the United States, but Japanese scientists use microwave transmission at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz. This technology has been used in industrial and medical equipment in Japan. At the research base in Hokkaido, Japanese scientists conducted ground-based microwave reception experiments using a 2.4-meter diameter instrument. The ultimate goal of JAXA is to build a ground-based receiving station of approximately 5,000 square kilometers, producing 1 million kW of electricity and powering 500,000 homes. However, space solar power is not without its drawbacks. High-intensity radiation is likely to bring another environmental pollution problem. But proponents believe that as long as the area of the ground-based solar receiving station is large enough, it will not harm humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the ground receiving station should choose sparsely populated areas with wide spaces and must also be equipped with an effective power transmission system. Although these ideas seem somewhat unrealistic now, the success of any project, whether in the United States or Japan, means a major breakthrough in the field of renewable energy. 3 A 10-Year (1999-2010) New Energy Plan Focused on Solar Power Generation in Iwaki, Japan Iwaki is one of the leading cities in Japan to develop new energy using large-scale solar energy. The city has a geographical advantage for solar power generation due to its annual sunshine time of up to 2,100 hours, surpassing Tokyo and other places. 3.1 The Overall Goal of the 10-Year Plan The goal of the 10-year plan is to install 21,000 kW (21 MW) of solar power, along with wind power, solar thermal utilization, waste combustion power generation, and waste heat supply for steam turbines. This is expected to save 82,195 kL of crude oil and reduce CO2 emissions by 31,130 tons per year. The two slogans put forward are the city of clean energy recycling and the new 21st-century city, Iwaki City. 3.2 Previous Work According to staff resentment, the new energy plan of the Ministry of Transport of Japan has taken Iwaki as a pilot, specifically introducing 300 kW of solar power plants in schools, parks, roads, public places, etc., and forming a new energy management network. The design was implemented during the 1997-Yuanyuanyuan source year, and the system’s schematic diagram is shown in Figure 8. In the figure, each facility is powered by solar panels, and the system is connected by a DC 300 V bus and converted to AC 200 V by the inverter. The AC power is boosted to 6,600 V via a step-up transformer to form an AC power supply network. On the one hand, the communication network can communicate with the mains grid for two-way flow of energy; on the other hand, the signal is sent to the PV management center for centralized management, distribution, and information storage of the power for safe and continuous operation of the system. When the utility power is cut off, it can be powered by the pre-stored 300 A·h battery pack, which can maintain the basic power consumption for one day. Therefore, the system also has urban disaster prevention capabilities. The above project cost estimate is 800 million yen (converted to 500 million yuan), and the state, municipal government, and regional development and revitalization companies are each responsible for one-third. 3.3 Summary of New Energy According to the 10-year plan to take the path of resource recycling, the overall goal of the new Iwaki City is established, and the specific implementation and phase decomposition are as follows. 3.3.1 Background of Policy Development 1) The world's energy shortage, increasing energy consumption; high dependence on oil; weak awareness of energy conservation. 2) Relying on new energy to solve problems: solar power generation; solar thermal utilization; wind power generation; waste combustion power generation; using waste heat generated by steam turbines to supply heat. 3) The idea of establishing an energy-recycling city solves the problem of environmental protection on Earth, enhancing environmental awareness; enhancing disaster resistance; and becoming a city with long-term stability of energy supply. 3.3.2 Evaluation of Various New Energy Economic and Technical Indicators 1) From the energy saving and emission reduction effects, solar power generation, wind power generation, electric vehicles, solar energy utilization, and waste generation are compared. 2) From the investment size compared to solar thermal utilization, waste generation, electric vehicles, solar power generation. 3) The amount of energy extracted from energy is compared with solar heat utilization, solar power generation, wind power generation, and waste power generation. 4) Comprehensive evaluation of solar power generation, solar thermal utilization, electric vehicles, waste generation, and wind power generation. 3.3.3 Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Indicators 1) New energy development, new power and machine numbers: solar power generation 21,000 kW; solar thermal utilization 15,100 kt; wind power generation 3,500 kW; waste heat utilization 760 kt; clean energy or electric (or clean energy) vehicles 12,300 units; turbine exhaust heat supply 24,690 kW. 2) CO2 emission reduction: solar power generation 3,820 t; solar thermal utilization 10,910 t; wind power generation 280 t; waste power generation and heat utilization 5,430 t; electric vehicle 36,000 t; turbine exhaust heat supply 7,090 t; 130 t. 3) Saving crude oil (after conversion): Solar power generation 5,285 kL; Solar thermal utilization 15,100 kL; wind power 380 kL; waste power generation and heat utilization 7,510 kL; turbine exhaust heat supply 43,690 kL; total after 82,195 kL; accounting for 19.2% of total crude oil consumption. 3.3.4 Multi-Sector Division of Labor Throughout the City 1) Display of image projects and demonstration projects by the government and the administrative department to provide information and provide backup. The development sequence is solar power generation, thermal utilization, wind power generation, waste disposal, electric (or clean energy) vehicles, and the like. 2) The public mainly installs solar power installations and solar water heaters in their homes, using clean energy (such as natural gas) or electric vehicles. 3) Enterprises develop solar power generation and electric vehicles; provide various energy-saving technologies and information; and launch various training courses to popularize new energy technologies to the public. 3.4 Energy Saving Effect of Previous Work Iwaki City established a 300 kW solar power generation system in 1997. The energy-saving effects are summarized as follows: 1) Annual power generation capacity of 295,500 kWh (about 80 households' annual electricity consumption); 2) The conversion amount of CO2 emission reduction is 56 t; 3) Saving crude oil (accounting) Court 2,000 t. According to the development plan, an additional 560 kW solar power plant and a 350 kW wind power plant are planned to be launched in 2004. The visual display of the city's PV management center was opened in December 2001 on Staff Day and Staff Day, as shown in Figure 9, which shows the intensity of daily sunshine and daily life of the staff in 2001. 00 Yao 19 : 00 different power generation. 4 Some Ideas for the Development of Solar Power Generation in China In the international arena, developed countries (such as the United States, Japan, Germany) generally promote the development of solar power through two methods: one is to purchase new energy devices (components) for private users and grant a certain amount of subsidies, such as 50% of Japanese subsidies; secondly, privately-set solar power stations can send surplus power to the national grid, commonly known as selling electricity, but require applying for certain procedures, such as contracts, the power company installing reverse power meters, and testing the solar power plant technology. Whether it meets the conditions of online access, etc. If the capacity of the device is large enough, the owner can get considerable benefits from selling electricity. China has not yet formulated preferential policies for new energy development, but since 2009, energy conservation and emission reduction have been very high, and relevant departments have begun to demonstrate this problem. Relevant experts believe that it can be changed from centralized power supply to distributed power supply. In modern society, users are not satisfied with the traditional power supply mode, and the requirements for the reliability and stability of power supply are getting higher and higher. Distributed power supply based on new energy is rapidly becoming popular in the world because it can be installed near users and can be used as a self-supplied power source for small and medium-sized factories. In this new situation, in order to achieve high power supply reliability, produce high-quality and low-cost electricity, and reduce the impact on the environment, it is necessary to build a distributed generation system that meets the requirements of the times. Distributed power generation has a good development prospect in the context of increasing contradictions between energy supply and demand and increasing environmental protection pressure. The new energy sources used in distributed generation include natural energy such as solar energy, wind energy, tides, waves, and geothermal energy. Distributed power generation has a concept called self-use, which is used by itself to reduce the proportion of power generation and Internet access, which will effectively alleviate the bottleneck problem that hinders energy development. In addition, distributed generation can also open up new ways to promote new energy. Because wind power, solar energy, or other forms of power generation have one thing in common, that is, low energy density and large area of power generation equipment. Distributed power generation utilizes the roof and other places of each household, making it a small power point, which solves the problem of low energy density and large floor space. At present, there are three major problems in the development of distributed generation in China. First, there is insufficient understanding of the significance of developing distributed power generation. Since distributed power generation has just begun to spread in foreign countries, many scientific and technical personnel in China are not familiar with the basic concept of distributed generation, and it is not recommended to actively promote this work. For the above reasons, it is first necessary to popularize the concept, practice, and significance of distributed generation, so that relevant personnel can understand what is distributed generation and the role of distributed generation in improving the reliability, energy conservation, and environmental protection of power systems. Second, there is a lack of corresponding laws and regulations. The establishment of a distributed generation system needs to solve the problem of access to the distributed generation equipment of the power system. Corresponding technical standards should be established, and relevant laws and regulations need to be established, which are currently restricted by the interests of certain power companies in the system. In addition, it is necessary to develop a feed-in tariff for distributed generation of electricity that takes into account the interests of all parties. Relevant regulations must also be formulated for related investments and returns. The third is the lack of preliminary research. In the traditional power transmission mode, the power flow is basically stable, and distributed power generation will frequently change the power flow, so the protection and control of the distributed power system must meet the corresponding requirements. Although there are many related researches and equipment developments abroad, it is necessary to develop distributed power generation technologies and equipment suitable for China's national conditions while introducing foreign technology. Power electronics and inverter technology workers must make due contributions to the development of new energy. For the most popular wind power and photovoltaic power generation, the most important protagonist is naturally the development of wind turbines and photovoltaic cells. But the controller is also an important part of the second place. This is the opportunity for power electronics technicians to play a role, such as solar photovoltaic systems, which are actually a frequency converter (including Internet access, two-way flow of energy, and multiple protections, such as islanding prevention). It is not difficult for a converter factory to switch to this type of product, but it needs to be re-opened and re-developed. It is not a simple change on the board and software. At least it is a dual PWM system. For example, Japan's Fuji and Hitachi have serialized products more than ten years ago. At present, some important solar photovoltaic image projects in China are mostly imported Japanese, American, and German products. Therefore, the solar photovoltaic controller factory (or company) should be available for listing. Not only is it conducive to economic growth, but it can also expand employment opportunities. Two things in one fell swoop, why not do it. 5 Conclusion This article is excerpted from the author's latest book "Solar Power Generation Technology and Applications," and is intended as a reference for power supply electronic technology industry peers, please give corrections.

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