The RFID system typically consists of a single-chip RFID tag and an RFID card reader. The tag includes a radio frequency front end, memory, and a controller. The RFID card reader decodes the data stored on the tag and then performs specific actions, such as unlocking a door or granting access. Unlike barcodes, RFID tags store product information electronically and can automatically update data as products move through the supply chain. This feature enhances tracking and security, making RFID more versatile than traditional barcode systems.
RFID tags are used for a wide range of applications, from tracking pets and livestock to managing high-value electronics. They are also used in automated toll collection and to control access to restricted areas. In recent years, RFID technology has been increasingly adopted in secure environments, including pharmaceuticals, contactless payments, cargo security, and e-passports. These applications demand robust standards that define both the tags and readers, covering aspects like memory capacity, encryption strength, and data segmentation.
To support accurate tracking, especially in industries like pharmaceuticals, RFID tags must offer higher security and more detailed data storage. For example, counterfeit drugs have become a serious global issue, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration reporting a tenfold increase in fake medications over the past five years. Counterfeit drugs can be life-threatening, and even barcodes on packaging are not always sufficient to prevent duplication. As a result, many states have implemented stricter regulations requiring detailed documentation for prescription drugs.
In Florida, since July 1, 2006, all prescription drugs must include paper-based medical records containing critical information such as drug names, dosages, manufacturers, batch numbers, and transaction details. California followed suit in 2009, requiring electronic drug records, and other states are expected to adopt similar measures. These requirements highlight the need for RFID tags with greater memory capacity and multiple secure zones.
Currently, many RFID tags lack the necessary storage to handle such complex data. A tag may need at least 64Kb of EEPROM and up to 16 user-defined memory areas to meet these demands. Most existing tags only have 2Kb or less and typically two memory banks, which is insufficient for multi-stage supply chain tracking. Design engineers should ensure that their chosen tags provide enough storage density and configuration flexibility for their application.
Figure 1: Atmel offers a range of RFID tags, from 64-bit read-only memory to 64K-bit read/write protected memory, with 4 to 16 memory areas.
RFID Security
Security is a critical concern in RFID systems, but many current implementations fall short. Most RFID tags use outdated 48-bit encryption algorithms, which can be cracked within hours using a standard laptop. However, some vendors now offer tags with advanced 64-bit encryption, significantly improving security. A 64-bit key provides 64,000 times more combinations than a 48-bit key, making it much harder to break.
Designers should prioritize tags that use efficient and secure encryption algorithms with a minimum key length of 64 bits. This ensures better protection against unauthorized access and data tampering.
RFID Tag and Reader
The security of an RFID tag is only as strong as the reader that interacts with it. Even the most secure RFID tags are ineffective if the reader does not support advanced encryption. Unfortunately, many existing readers still rely on outdated algorithms and short key lengths, leaving them vulnerable to attacks.
Newer, more secure readers support military-grade 128-bit AES encryption while also allowing simpler encryption methods. They also enable password protection and support multiple encryption zones on RFID tags, offering greater flexibility and control over data security.
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