Electric vehicles are the scent of the future industry, and major manufacturers have developed their own electric models. When watching the cars, various motors have emerged. What is it? Xiaobian tells you the basics of new energy vehicle motors, and hopes to help everyone understand new energy vehicles.
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What are the characteristics of the electric motor on the electric vehicle? Based on the characteristics of the electric vehicle, there is also a high requirement for the motor to be used. In order to increase the maximum speed, the motor should have higher instantaneous power and power density (W/kg); in order to increase the driving distance of 1 charge, the motor should have higher efficiency; and the electric car is geared, so the motor should have Higher high and low speed overall efficiency; in addition, it has strong overload capacity, large starting torque and fast torque response. The speed of the electric vehicle is lower when starting and climbing, but the torque is required to be large; the torque required for normal operation is small, and the speed is high. The constant torque characteristic at low speed and the constant power characteristic at high speed, and the operating speed range of the motor should be wide. In addition, the motor should also be sturdy, reliable, and have a certain degree of dust and water resistance, and the cost can not be too high.
Introduction to electric vehicle motors At present, from the perspective of mature motor technology, switched reluctance motors seem to be more in line with the needs of electric vehicles in terms of various technical characteristics, but they have not yet gained popularity. Permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely used, such as Kia K5 Hybrid, Roewe E50, Tengshi, Beiqi EU260, etc. The Tesla Model X and Model S all use asynchronous motors. In addition, if divided by current type, it can be divided into DC motor and AC motor. From the table below, we can get a general idea of ​​the characteristics of four typical motors.
Electric Vehicle DC Motors In the early days of electric vehicle development, most electric vehicles used DC motors as drive motors. This type of motor technology is relatively mature, with easy control and excellent speed regulation. It has been the most widely used in the field of speed regulating motors. However, due to the complicated mechanical structure of the DC motor, its instantaneous overload capability and further improvement of the motor speed are limited, and in the case of long-term operation, the mechanical structure of the motor will be lost and the maintenance cost will be increased. In addition, the spark generated by the brush during the operation of the motor causes the rotor to heat up, which may cause high-frequency electromagnetic interference and affect the performance of other electrical appliances of the vehicle. Due to the above shortcomings of DC motors, current electric vehicles have basically eliminated DC motors.
Permanent magnet synchronous motors for electric vehicles In the field of new energy vehicles, permanent magnet synchronous motors are widely used. The so-called permanent magnet refers to the addition of permanent magnets when manufacturing the rotor of the motor, so that the performance of the motor is further improved. The so-called synchronization means that the rotational speed of the rotor is always consistent with the current frequency of the stator winding. Therefore, by controlling the input current frequency of the stator winding of the motor, the vehicle speed of the electric vehicle will eventually be controlled. Compared with other types of motors, the biggest advantage of permanent magnet synchronous motors is that they have higher power density and torque density. To put it bluntly, compared with other types of motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors are of the same mass and volume. It can provide maximum power output and acceleration for new energy vehicles. This is also the reason why the permanent magnet synchronous motor is the first choice for the majority of auto manufacturers in the new energy auto industry, which has extremely high requirements on space and self-weight. However, permanent magnet synchronous motors also have their own drawbacks. The permanent magnet material on the rotor will have magnetic decay under high temperature, vibration and overcurrent conditions, so the motor is prone to damage under relatively complicated working conditions. Moreover, the price of permanent magnet materials is relatively high, so the entire motor and its control system are costly.
Compared with permanent magnet synchronous motors, permanent magnet synchronous motors have the advantages of low cost, simple process, reliable and durable operation, convenient maintenance, and can withstand large changes in operating temperature. Conversely, a large temperature change can damage the permanent magnet synchronous motor. Although the asynchronous motor is not dominant in terms of weight and volume, its wide range of speeds and peak speeds of up to 20,000 rpm, even if it does not match the two-differential differential, can meet the speed requirements of high-speed cruises of this class, as for weight-to-life The impact of mileage, the high energy density of the 18650 battery can "cover up" the weight of the motor. In addition, the excellent stability of the asynchronous motor is also an important reason for Tesla to choose.
Electric motor asynchronous motor switched reluctance motor is a new type of motor. Compared with other types of drive motor, its structure is the simplest. The stator and rotor are double salient pole structures made of ordinary silicon steel sheets. Without windings, the stator is equipped with simple concentrated windings, which has many advantages such as simple and sturdy structure, high reliability, light weight, low cost, high efficiency, low temperature rise and easy maintenance. Moreover, it has the excellent controllability of the DC speed control system and is suitable for harsh environments. It is very suitable for use as a driving motor for electric vehicles. It has been predicted by experts as a dark horse in the field of electric vehicles.
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