Analysis and Countermeasures of Pollution Situation of Lighting Industry in China (I)
Saving energy, protecting the environment, and meeting people's demands for higher and higher lighting quality are the tenets of green lighting. However, with the advent of various new types of energy-saving electric light sources, the environmental pollution caused by harmful substances in the process of production and use should also attract our attention.
At present, the use of harmful substances in electric light source products in China is worrying, especially in the gas discharge light source products which are more and more popular at present, the pollution of mercury is more serious. In order to fully understand the current pollution situation of China's lighting industry and prepare for the formulation of relevant environmental protection policies and measures, the National Development and Reform Commission/UNDP/GEF former China Green Lighting Project Promotion Project Office conducted a special investigation and collected domestic Other information on governance methods and experience has put forward many suggestions for strengthening pollution control in China's lighting industry.
1 Pollution status of electric light source products in China
The main harmful substances in electric light source products include mercury, heavy metal lead and non-metallic substances such as arsenic, which are harmful substances that pollute the environment and endanger human health. Since the electric light source product is different from other products, the elements of the composition are different, and the content of harmful substances is also different. The electric light source containing mercury mainly includes fluorescent lamps, high pressure mercury lamps, neon lights and the like.
At present, a T12 fluorescent lamp with a diameter of 36mm in China contains about 25~45mg of mercury; a T5 fluorescent lamp with a diameter of 16mm contains about 20mg of mercury; and a compact fluorescent lamp with a diameter of 10mm contains mercury. It is about 10mg. In China, about 1 billion fluorescent lamps were produced in 2004, and the average mercury content of each lamp was 30 mg. The total amount of mercury contained in fluorescent lamps produced in China in 2004 was about 30 tons.
However, the mercury consumed in the actual production process is much larger than this figure. The reasons are mainly the unreasonable control of mercury injection and the high rate of product scrapping during production. Taking a 40W T12 straight tube fluorescent lamp as an example, automatic injection of mercury through an automatic production line requires injection of 20-40 mg of mercury, plus process consumption, and the actual mercury consumption is 60-100 mg. At present, a large number of electric light source manufacturers in China use liquid mercury when injecting mercury, so the amount of mercury injected is difficult to control, and the equipment is simple, and the mercury volatilization in the process of mercury injection is quite serious. Therefore, the actual mercury consumption of each fluorescent lamp produced in China is 45.04~48.00mg, and the annual consumption of 1 billion fluorescent lamps consumes about 47~60t. According to forecasts, from 2006 to 2015, China's fluorescent lamp production will reach 1.5 to 2 billion. If the average mercury content of the product and the average mercury consumption during production remain at current levels, then by the end of 2006, the annual output of fluorescent lamps will be The total mercury content will reach 45t, and the amount of mercury consumed in production will reach 70t. By 2015, the total mercury content in annual fluorescent lamps will be as high as 60~90t. This number is really worrying.
Developed countries have paid attention to environmental protection issues. In the production of fluorescent lamps, liquid mercury has been banned, and solid amalgams, metal mercury packages, etc. have been used, or the production of fluorescent lamps has been stopped. At the same time, strict recycling measures have been established for used lamps to prevent disability. Mercury flows in air and water.
Mercury-containing lighting appliances generally do not pollute during use. The pollution during use is mainly caused by the diffusion of mercury caused by the breakdown of lighting appliances, which causes air pollution. This situation does not occur often, so there is not much environmental protection during use. Impact.
In 2004, China's scrapped mercury-containing lighting appliances were equivalent to about 600 million standard fluorescent lamps, and the amount of mercury released into the atmosphere due to improper disposal was 45-50t. At present, our country has not yet formulated effective measures for the recycling of scrap lighting appliances, nor has it established a recycling system and recycling agency that meets the characteristics of the end-of-life lighting appliances. The mercury in the scrapped lighting appliances is randomly diffused into the air, and the impact on the environment and the damage are very large.
In recent years, China's electric light source products have developed rapidly. By 2003, the total output of various types of electric light sources in China was nearly 10 billion, of which nearly 2 billion were produced by gas discharge sources. Through calculation, it can be found that the total amount of mercury used in gas discharge lamps produced in 2003 is about 30t, but the amount of mercury consumed in the actual production process exceeds 60t due to production methods and process methods. That is to say, the mercury contained in the discharge lamps that are finally put on the market is only about 30 tons, and the mercury emissions generated by these products are more than 2 billion cubic meters, and the mercury wastewater exceeds 1,000,000 tons. The mercury slag formed by the sealed exhaust pipe and the broken lamp tube is far more than 10,000 tons. The total amount of mercury in the waste is expected to be around 30 tons. The growth rate of China's electric light source products is very fast. If we do not improve the current production technology and means, and do not try to adopt new environmentally friendly materials, then with the increasing output of electric light source products, mercury pollution will become increasingly serious.
Electric light source products are generally glass products, usually lead glass, lead glass is divided into light red (low lead) glass, medium red (medium lead) glass and heavy red (high lead) glass according to PbO content. . The lead content of low lead glass is about 11%, the lead in 20%, and the high lead is above 28%. Because of the need of glass processing, lead glass of incandescent lamps and various fluorescent lamps are made of lead glass, which is generally low lead glass with a lead content of about 11%. However, the core of the fluorescent automatic production line with a speed higher than 1200/h uses a lead-containing glass with 20% lead and even 28% high-lead glass. The outer glass bulbs of incandescent and straight tube fluorescent lamps are made of soda lime glass, while the circular fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps are made of low-lead glass tubes. In 2003, China produced 1.85 billion fluorescent lamps with a lead glass of about 100,000 tons, plus about 120,000 tons of lead glass for 4.1 billion incandescent bulbs. In 2003, lead glass for various electric light sources was used. 220,000t or so. Even with all low lead glass, the PbO used exceeded 20,000 tons. In addition, incandescent lamps, self-ballasted fluorescent lamps, and screw and bayonet caps for high-intensity discharge lamps use lead glass as an insulator for the lamp legs. Although the amount of each lamp is small, the total output of these lamps is close to 5 billion, and the total amount is also considerable. The lead in lead glass is introduced by adding red dan or lead silicate during the batching. The dust of red dan and the lead smoke emitted during the melting process of the glass will pollute the environment. If the electric light source product is discarded after use, the lead oxide in the lead glass will be slowly replaced and precipitated and pollute the environment. The electric light source product also contains harmful substance arsenic, which is mainly brought in by the use of chalk as a clarifying agent in the glass melting process. The amount of arsenic remaining in the glass is generally about several thousand ppm, which exceeds the requirement of some large companies in the world to have an arsenic content of less than 1,000 ppm. At present, only a few companies in China produce arsenic in glass for electric light source that meets this standard and is exclusively used by the above companies for procurement. Most glass tubes produced by companies still use chalk as a clarifying agent, so that the arsenic content in the glass far exceeds the standard.
What is even more surprising is that some fluorescent lamps in the market are found to contain chalk in the insulating sheet of the lamp cap, and the content thereof is as high as 30,000 ppm (ppm is a unit indicating the solubility). 800 million straight tube fluorescent lamps need to use 570t insulation board, which contains as much as 17t of white enamel. Since arsenic is introduced during the melting of the glass, a large amount of As203 is emitted to the atmosphere when the glass is melted. Moreover, in the dosing, As203 is also doped into the dust of the raw material to diffuse into the air, seriously polluting the environment. It can be seen that the current situation of mercury, lead, arsenic and other harmful substances contained in China's electric light source products is relatively serious and must be taken seriously.
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Xinshengyang Opto-Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. , http://www.junsunlight.com